Copyright: Copyright © 1996 by Werner Berghofer.
Citation: Copyright © 1996 by Werner Berghofer. All rights reserved.


Contents

Description	File

of the menus	Edit

Search

Options

Windows

Outline

Foundries

Help

Additional	Command line parameters

information	Credits


File Menu

Click on the menu item for which you need help:


Edit Menu

Click on the menu item for which you need help:


Search Menu

Click on the menu item for which you need help:


Options Menu

Click on the menu item for which you need help:


Windows Menu

Click on the menu item for which you need help:


Outline Menu

Click on the menu item for which you need help:


Foundries Menu

Click on the menu item for which you need help:


Help Menu

Click on the menu item for which you need help:


Open
File Menu: Open file

Open the program's data files (Fpb.Dat and Fpbnames.Txt) from a different directory. By default the program looks for these files in the same directory where its executable file is located. The path to the data files will be recorded in the program's Ini file, section [Settings], keyword "Datapath."


Import
File Menu: Import text file

Allows you to import a tab-delimited Windows plain text file. Here's the structure this file should have:

file name<tab>typeface name<tab>   package number<tab>foundry<tab>          family name<return>

5 characters  up to 48 characters  a number <= 65535  one single character  up to 24 characters

Empty lines or lines beginning with the comment character ";" will be ignored. Lines which do not contain exactly four tab stops will be ignored too.

Before attempting to import a text file the program prompts if it should create a .BAK file of the database which currently is in use. If you answer "Yes", the database file Fbp.Dat will be renamed to Fpb.Bak and a new database file will be created based upon the data found in the text file.

Make sure the file you attempt to import into the database contains no special formatting characters, such as those used by word processing programs, and uses the standard Windows (ANSI) character set, not the DOS (ASCII) one.


Export
File Menu: Export to text file

Exports the contents of the database to a Windows plain text file. The structure of this file matches the structure required by the "Import" menu command. See "Import" for more details about this file's structure.

Tip: By exporting to a text file, you can, of course, alter the contents of the database. Open the text file in a word processor, make the desired changes, save as plain text file without any formatting commands and import this file again into the program's database.


Save outline as
File Menu: Save outline as text file

Saves the contents of the outline window to a Windows plain text file. The hierarchic structure of the outline is preserved by using the <tab> character in the text file. Each hierarchic level is preceded by a <tab> character. Outline items of the same level are preceded by an identical number of <tab> characters.

Example:

top level

<tab> level 1

<tab> still level 1

<tab> <tab> level 2

<tab> <tab> still level 2

<tab> back at level 1

back at top level


Exit
File Menu: Exit

Quits the program. If the menu option "Save settings on exit" is checked the size, position and status of the program's windows and certain other program options are saved to the program's INI file. Additionally, if the corresponding command line parameter for an "exitsound" was specified, this .WAV file will be played.


Expand all
Outline Menu: Expand all

Use this to "open" all the type packages in the database, so that the individual typefaces which make each collection are displayed. Of course this may take a few moments since the database currently (January '96) contains nearly 2,000 single typefaces.


File name prefix
Search Menu: File name prefix

Searches the database for a certain file name prefix.


Text
Search Menu: Text

Searches the type database for a certain text contained in the font names. The text search is not case sensitive and matches whole words and parts of words. If the text to be searched was found in more than one type package, the Search results window is displayed. All type packages in which the text to search for was found will be listed in this window and easily can be accessed from there by double-clicking or pressing <return>.

Additionally a second drop-down list will be available at the right side on the main window. All package numbers containing the text will be accessable from there. Note that the "Next" and "Previous" buttons locate the next and the previous type package number in the order the matching text was found throughout the database.


Type family
Search Menu: Type family

Searches the database for fonts belonging to a common type family.Generally different vendors or foundries offer typefaces of the same family. Adobe Garamond, ITC Garamond, Berthold Garamond, Stempel Garamond and Garamond 3 originate from different vendors, but belong all to the «Garamond» type family.

If more than one type package was found during the search for a certain type family, the Search results window will contain the numbers and the names of the matching type packages. Additionally a second drop-down list will be available at the right side on the main window. All package numbers containing typefaces belonging to the current type family will be accessable from there. Note that the "Next" and "Previous" buttons locate the next and the previous type package of the current family.


Type foundry
Search Menu: Type foundry

Searches the database for fonts originating from a common type foundry.

If more than one type package was found during the search for a certain type foundry, the Search results window will contain the numbers and the names of the matching type packages. Additionally a second drop-down list will be available at the right side on the main window. All package numbers containing typefaces belonging to the current type foundry will be accessable from there. Note that the "Next" and "Previous" buttons locate the next and the previous type package of the current foundry.


Next package number
Search Menu: Next package number

Displays the next type package number. If the Search results window is visible or the second drop-down list contains package numbers found during the last Search operation, the next number found will be considered the next number.


Previous package number
Search Menu: Previous package number

Displays the previous type package number. If the Search results window is visible or the second drop-down list contains package numbers found during the last Search operation, the previous number found will be considered the previous number.


Buttons
Options Menu: Buttons

You can choose whether or not to display the function buttons (which duplicate menu functions) on the main windows. If you do display them, you have a further choice between Windows 3.x and Windows 95 styling.

The display mode of the buttons is saved to the program's INI file.


Logo
Options Menu: Logo

Toggles if the program's logo will be displayed in the upper right-hand corner of the screen. If you find the logo intrusive, it can also be hidden by double-clicking it.


Lowered bevel
Options Menu: Lowered or raised bevel

Toggles whether the bevels on the main and the "About" window will be displayed with a lowered or a raised look.


Sounds
Options Menu: Sounds

Toggles if the program uses sounds to mark certain events or operates silently.

Please note that the program only generates sounds between 7:00 a.m. and 11:00 p.m, and then only if this option is checked.


Confirm on exit
Options Menu: Confirm on exit

Toggles if the program prompts for confirmation before exiting.

Like all other options this flag too is saved to the program's INI file.


Sort order
Options Menu: Alphabetic or typographic sort order

Toggles if the typefaces from a type package will be listed in alphabetic or typographic order. Typographic sort order means that the fonts will be sorted according to their weights and other attributes.

Example for alphabetic order:

Adobe Garamond Bold

Adobe Garamond Bold Italic

Adobe Garamond Italic

Adobe Garamond Regular

Adobe Garamond Semibold

Adobe Garamond Semibold Italic

Example for typographic order:

Adobe Garamond Regular

Adobe Garamond Italic

Adobe Garamond Semibold

Adobe Garamond Semibold Italic

Adobe Garamond Bold

Adobe Garamond Bold Italic


Minimize
Options Menu: Minimize

Toggles if the program is switched to icon state if it will be de-activated for example by pressing Alt-Tab, Alt-Esc, invoking the Windows Task Manager or activating another active program by clicking into one of its windows.

 Like all other program options this flag too is saved to the program's INI file.


Write-protect
Options menu: Write-protect

Toggles if the program sets the "Read Only" file attribute for its own executable file and its data files. Setting the "Read Only" file attribute prevents a file from being deleted by accident.

File attributes too can be changed in File Manager by clicking once on a file name and pressing Alt+Enter.


Save settings on exit
Options Menu: Save settings on exit

Toggles is the program saves the size and position of its windows and the various other program options to its INI file.

If you are working with an "odd" Windows arrangement, eg you temporarily change video driver, it may be handy to uncheck this option and preserve your normal setup.


Outline window
Windows Menu: Outline

The outline window offers a quick way to browse through the library. It shows a list of the type packages in the Adobe library, in numerical order. If the window is not already expanded to show individual fonts in each package, you can expand a single collection by double-clicking on it. The typeface family window displays the faces in alphabetical order. Creating the outline may take a few moments if this window is displayed for the first time.

See Outline style for details about changing the style of the outline.


Foundries window
Windows Menu: Foundries

This window displays a list of the foundries which have contributed to the Adobe Type Library. For each foundry, the number of fonts, and the percentage of the total collection which they represent, is shown.

The contents of this window can be copied to the Windows clipboard by using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+C.


Typeface family list
Windows Menu: Typeface family list

This window is similar to the outline window, but displays the fonts by typeface name, rather than by collection number. This is equivalent to the standard Adobe printed catalogue.

The contents of this window can be copied to the Windows clipboard by using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+C.


Search results
Windows Menu: Search results

Whenever you perform a search, for a certain string, a typeface name, a type family, or a type foundry, an additional window will pop up with the search results.

In this example the last search was a search for the string "helvetica" in the typeface names. Note that a «Helvetica» typeface of course can be part of a type package with a different name, as this is the case with package #90, Arnold Böcklin.

By default, this window positions itself over the outline list. The contents of this window can be copied to the Windows clipboard by using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+C.


Default size and position
Windows Menu: Default size and position

This command resets the program's main window to a default size and position. Size and positions of the other windows will be adjusted to correspond to size and placement of the main window.


Close all
Windows Menu: Close all

This command closes all additional program windows which currently are open. Reopening a window will place it in the same position and with the same size it had before it was closed. If the outline window, the foundry window and the type family window already have been created, reopening will take place very fast because the data displayed on these windows already has been extracted from the database.


Collapse all
Outline Menu: Collapse all

Collapses the display in the outlines window, to show just the package name and number, rather than individual typefaces within each package. If the outline is structured by foundries, only the foundry names will be visible after collapsing all.


Structure by foundries
Outline Menu: Structure by foundries

Selecting this option will re-arrange the display in the outline's window to show a hierarchy of foundry/package/font names.

Changing the structure of the outline takes some moments only if this is done for the first time. The outline then will be saved to a temporary file; changing the structure back to the default structure and back again now should happen within a second since the new outline structure is loaded from a disk file.


Style
Outline Menu: Style

Here you may select the style the outline will be displayed. The three options available:

Plus/Minus and Icon

Icon and Tree

Text only and Tree


Default position

This command resets the size of the window to the default size and position.


Close window

Nothing more to say other than this command really will do what it is assumed to: Close the window.


Bar chart
Foundry Window: Bar chart

This option displays the five largest foundries in bar chart form. Placing the cursor on a foundry's bar will produce a pie chart showing the percentage value.


About...
Help Menu: About

Shows additional information about the program, other credits and copyright stuff and some figures from the typeface database. After a few seconds the program will begin to automatically scroll through the database. This auto-browse feature can be interrupted at any time by clicking on anything outside the "About" window. Pressing the <ESC> key or double-clicking the close box will end the font show.


Optional command line parameters
Command line parameters

The program supports up to three optional command line parameters. Each command line parameter is the name of a .WAV file located in the Windows directory. The path to the Windows directory must not be present since the program figures the actual location of this directory by itself. Also, the file name extension .WAV does not have to be present; if it is missing it will be appended by the program automatically.

The purpose of this optional command line parameters is to add up to three different sounds to the program. The first sound (let's call it "initsound") is played immediately after the program has been started. The second sound ("readysound") will be played after all additional program windows have been created and are displayed and the program is ready for your input. Eventually, the last sound ("exitsound") will be played on exiting from the program. (If Tada.Wav is existing in your Windows directory, you may click it on the line below to actually hear it.)

Example: fpb bell tada chord

Please note that the program does generate sounds only between 7:00 a.m. and 11:00 p.m. These event sound files only will be played if the current time permits doing so.


Credits

Many thanks to Rik Bean who made a lot of valuable comments about the program, showed a great amount of patience while testing various versions and provides me with the most recent data of newly released Adobe Type Packages. Besides that Rik assisted me in creating the help file you currently are reading. I think Rik really deserves a "Thank You!" message; his CompuServe ID is 76711,2535.

Thanks also to Neil J. Rubenking, Nick Hodges and Ralph Friedman from the Delphi Forum on CompuServe. Without their competent help I probably still would try to find out how to program certain things in Delphi. Last not least thanks to Borland International for creating Delphi, a wonderful Windows Development Tool, and all the other great software this company invented since Turbo Pascal 1.0.

Any comments, suggestions for improvement and bug reports highly will be appreciated.

Programming, program and help file design by

Werner Berghofer

A-1180 Vienna, Europe

Schulgasse 27/6

phone +43-1-403 79 39

CIS:100556,266 (Internet: 100556.266@compuserve.com)

Copyright © 1996 by Werner Berghofer. All rights reserved.


.WAV file
WAV files

Sound files used to store recorded sounds and music.


tab character
Tab Stop

A tab character is generated from the keyboard by pressing the <tab> key. The ASCII code for this character is decimal 9. Tab characters frequently are used by programs to delimit the fields of a record while importing or exporting their data from or to a plain text file.


Copy
Copy to clipboard

By clicking the "Copy" button, selecting Edit|Copy or using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+C the contents of the current window is copied to the Windows clipboard. The clipboard's data then may be pasted into any other program.


Drop-Down list
Main window: Drop-down list

This drop-down list probably is the program's most important control element. It enables you to select another type package number to show. Selecting can be done using the mouse or the keyboard.

If this drop-down list currently is activated or has the focus the keyboard too can be used to select a number. Pressing the <Cursor-Up> or <Cursor-Down> key selects the previous or the next number in the list, the <Home> key move to the start and the <End> key to the end of the list.

More about the other elements on the main window.


ComboBox1
Font name box

This box lists all fonts belonging to the currently displayed type package. Highlighting and clicking on a font name displays its file name prefix.

Scrolling the contents of the box can be done using the mouse, the cursor keys or the <Home> and <End> keys.


Context-sensitive help

For all menu items and all control elements present on the various program windows context-sensitive help is existing. It can be accessed by highlighting the menu item or control element and pressing the F1 key.

Select the pull down menu item you need help for with the mouse or the keyboard and press the F1 key before releasing the mouse. Function buttons, drop-down lists and list boxes can be activated by either clicking on it or by pressing the Tab key until the desired element has the focus. Then press the F1 key to read the help topic associated with that certain control element.


Focus
If a control element or a pull down menu currently is active, this is called to have the "focus". For example a function button is surrounded by a bold frame or its title is emphasized with bold type to signal that it is the focussed element.


Outline

A way to display data in hierarchical structure.


Purpose of Fpbnames.Txt

This is an additional file for the Font Package Browser program. If it is present in the same subdirectory as Fpb.Dat (the binary data file for Fpb.Exe) it will be used to display the names of the Adobe typeface packages in the window containing the outlined typeface names. The name of the currently displayed type package will also be displayed on the main window's title.

If this file is not present the program attempts to create the font package names by checking the typeface names. A new version of this file too will be generated by the program, but unfortunately it is not possible to always create the name of a font package by checking the names of the typefaces contained in it. It is suggested that you do not alter or delete this file since the program relies on its intact structure.

However, if you feel the need to change this file here's what you should keep in mind: Empty lines or a line with a ';' or '%' character in it will be treated as comment line and ignored by the program. To separate the package numbers from the package names exactly one <tab> character should be used. Only the first 50 characters of a package name are significant. Make sure to save this file as Windows plain text file; use the Windows Notepad or a similar program if you plan to alter this file's contents. Also, triple-check that under no circumstances you add a number and a name for a type package which actually is not existing in the database.

It highly is recommended to use the "Write protect" option from the main menu to protect the data files.


Main menu
The main menu can be accessed by the mouse or by pressing the Alt key and the underscored character.


Main window
The program's main window

Click on the element for which you need more help:


Neil J. Rubenking

A well-known author of various books about Borland's Pascal compilers. Neil covers a section in the Ziff-Davis publication "PC Magazine", works as Team Borland member in CompuServe's Delphi forum and creates many PC Magazine utility programs.


Rik Bean

A sysop in CompuServe's Adobe forum. Rik is specialized on Adobe Type Manager and font topics. He loves Mozart and like every real Scot he sincerely does know how to celebrate Burns' Night.


Button: Search file...
Searches for a certain file name prefix.


Button: Search text...
Searches for a certain text in the font names.


Button: Copy
Copies the contents of the current window to the Windows clipboard.


Button: Import...
Imports data from a Windows plain text file or opens the database from a different directory.


Button: About...
About...

Some details about the program, credits and copyright stuff, statistical figures from the database and eventually a neat auto-browse through the complete Adobe Type Library.


Button: Exit
Terminates the program. Optionally exiting from the program may be confirmed first.


Label: Package number
This is the number of the currently displayed type package.


Control: Drop-down list
This drop-down list contains the numbers of all type packages available in the database. Use the mouse or the keyboard to navigate and select.


Label: Number of fonts
Indicates the number of single fonts contained in the current type package.


Control: Font name list box
Lists the full names of all the fonts contained in a type package.


Label: File name prefix
The file name prefix is the part of the font file name common for all files which actually make up a complete font.


Control: File name prefix
This is the file name prefix for the font currently highlighted in the list box above.


Control: Previous
Displays the previous type package. This is not necessarily the previous number in order, since there are some gaps between the numbers.


Control: Next
Displays the next type package. This is not necessarily the next number in order, since there are some gaps between the numbers.


Label: File names
The *.PFM file contains the font metrics (the widths of all characters), the *.PFB file is the actual PostScript outline for the output device (usually a printer or an imagesetter).


Main window caption
The title bar displays the number and the name of the current type package. Usually a type package contains at least four different styles of a font or a collection of related fonts.


Fpb.Ini: Contents
Contents of Fpb.Ini

[Main]

Height=321

Left=160

Top=80

Width=556

[Families]

Height=321

Left=715

Top=80

Width=226

Visible=1

[Foundry]

Height=235

Left=517

Top=400

Width=424

Visible=1

[Outline]

Height=235

Left=160

Top=400

Width=358

Style=2

Visible=1

[Settings]

BarColor=8421440

BevelLowered=0

Buttons=1

Confirm=0

Curmudgeon=0

Current#=100

Datapath=C:\Windows\Tools\

Logo=0

Minimize=0

NewButtons=0

Runtime=102833.3

Settings=1

Sounds=1

TypoSort=1

Write-protect=1


INI: Main
Size and coordinates of the main window (measured in pixels).


INI: Families
Size and coordinates of the font family window (measured in pixels).


INI: Foundry
Size and coordinates of the foundry window (measured in pixels).


INI: Outline
Size and coordinates of the outline window (measured in pixels).


INI: Settings
Various program options and other settings.


INI: BarColor
Color used in the bar and pie chart.


INI: BevelLowered
0 = Lowered/1 = Raised bevel style.


INI: Buttons
0 = Don't display/1 = display the function buttons on the main window.


INI: Confirm
0 = Don't confirm/1 = Confirm before exiting.


INI: Curmudgeon
0 = Enable/1 = Disable certain season's greetings or anniversary messages and associated sounds. Note: The programs executable file is so big because there are some .WAV files embedded which will be played on special occasions. Hope there is a sound card installed in your computer...


INI: Current#
Number of type package displayed before the program quits. This too is the initial type package number which will be displayed the next time the program is launched.


INI: Datapath
Path to the files Fpb.Dat and Fpbnames.Txt. By default these files are searched in the .EXE file's directory, but they don't have to be there necessarily. Note the trailing backslash.


INI: Logo
0 = Don't display/1 = Display the program's logo in the upper right hand screen corner.


INI: Minimize
0 = Don't/1 = Minimize the program automatically to icon state if it is deactivated.


INI: NewButtons
0 = Windows 3.x style buttons, 1 = Windows 95 style buttons.


INI: Runtime
Total runtime so far in seconds. Displayed on the "About" window.


INI:Settings
0 = Don't save/1 = Save window arrangement and size, settings and program options on exit.


INI: Sounds
0 = Operate quietly/1 = Use sounds, but limited to the time between 7:00 a.m. and 11:00 p.m.


INI: TypoSort
0 = Alphabetical/1 = Typographical sort order of font names.


INI: Write-protect
0 = Don't/1 = Set the "Read Only" file attribute for the programs executable and its data files. Highly recommended.


INI: Visible
0 = Not visible/1 = Visible at the last time the program was run.


Borland International

In my opinion one of the most innovative software companies in the PC's history. Others may administer the standards, but Borland is creative.


Popup: Typeface name
Typeface (family) name

A set of typefaces with slight variations. For example Futura, Futura Book, Futura Extrabold, Futura Bold Condensed and Futura Light Italic all are members of the «Futura» family. Generally different vendors or foundries offer typefaces of the same family. Adobe Garamond, ITC Garamond, Berthold Garamond, Stempel Garamond and Garamond 3 originate from different vendors, but belong all to the «Garamond» type family, though the debate still rages amongst typographers as to which one is the "real" Garamond.


Popup: Expand all
Expand all

Expands the complete type database so that all typefaces are visible.


Popup: Collapse all
Collapse all

Collapses the whole outline. Only the package numbers and names will be visible.


Popup: Close
Closes this window.


Popup: Expandsingle
Double-clicking an item will expand it and show the typeface details on the main window. If an item already is expanded it will be collapsed again.


Popup: Search4Foundry
Search

Starts a search for all typefaces originating from the highlighted foundry. If fonts from that foundry are present in more than one package, the package numbers will be listed in the search results window.


Popup: Bar Chart
Bar chart

An option to display the five largest foundries in bar chart form, and in this display, placing the cursor on a foundry's bar will produce a pie chart showing the percentage value.


Popup: FoundryDoubleClick
Double-clicking on a foundry name will start a search for all typefaces originating from the highlighted foundry. If fonts from that foundry are present in more than one package, the package numbers will be listed in the search results window.


Popup: Search4Family
Search

Starts a search for all typefaces belonging to the highlighted family. If the family is found in more than one package the results will be shown in the search results window.


Popup: FamilyDoubleClick
Double-clicking a type family name starts a search for all typefaces belonging to the highlighted family.


Popup: Copy2Clipboard
Copy

Copies the contents of this Window to the clipboard so that it may be pasted into another application currently running.


Popup: SearchResultsDoubleClick
Double-clicking an item will show the contents of the type package on the program's main window.


Popup: HelpContents
Help Contents

Displays the "Contents" page of this help file.


Popup: How2UseHelp
How to use Help

Introduces you to the Windows Help system by displaying the Help system tutorial.


Popup:HelpGlossary
Glossary

Lists the Glossary of this help file. The Glossary contains some commonly used topics from the typesetting and printing business.


Popup: Topic search
Topic search

Lists all keywords and topics available in this help file.


Popup: ContextHelp
Context-sensitive help

Instructs you how to get context-sensitive help for menu items, function buttons and other control elements.


Popup: Typeface families
Type Family

A set of typefaces with slight variations. For example Futura, Futura Book, Futura Extrabold, Futura Bold Condensed and Futura Light Italic all are members of the «Futura» family. Generally different vendors or foundries offer typefaces of the same family. Adobe Garamond, ITC Garamond, Berthold Garamond, Stempel Garamond and Garamond 3 originate from different vendors, but belong all to the «Garamond» type family, though the debate still rages amongst typographers as to which one is the "real" Garamond.


Weird dialog box

You know that you really are in trouble
if you see this dialog box on your screen.

Maybe a Macintosh really does behave better?
Or just for safety try it in plain vanilla VGA resolution...?


Season's greetings
There are some special dates on which the program will bring up an additional dialog box and play a sound associated with the kind of event. These special dates are January 1st, December 31st, Burns' Night (ask Rik Bean if you want to know more about this), Neil Young's birthday, the anniversary of John Lennon's death and eventually the programmer's birthday.


Popup: SearchResultLabel
This label will reflect the type of the last search.


Glossary
Typesetting and printing terminology

A

Adobe

Adobe Acrobat

Adobe Illustrator

Adobe Photoshop

AFM

Alignment

Ascender

ATM

Attribute

B

Backslant face

Base 35 fonts

Baseline

Benday

Berthold

Bézier curve

Bitmap

Bleed

Blueline

Body copy

Bullet

Burning

C

Calligraphic

Cap height

Chromalin

Cicero

CMYK

Coated stock

Condensed

Copy fitting

Crop marks

Cut

D

Demi

Descender

Didot point

Display type

DPI

Dot gain

Download

Drop cap

E

EM dash

EM space

EN dash

EN space

EPS

Expert Collections

Extended

F

Folio

Font

Font search order

Font size

G

Garamond

H

Hairline

Hanging punctuation

Helvetica

Hints

Hot-metal typesetting

I

Imagesetter

Interpreter

K

Kerning

Kursiv

L

Leading

Ligature

Linotronic 300

Linotype-Hell AG

LPI

M

MM

Modern

Monotype

O

Oblique

Offset printing

Old style

Outline

P

PageMaker

PICT

PDF

PFB

PFM

Pica

Pi font

Plain

Point

PostScript

PostScript Level 2

PPD

PPI

Primary colors

Printer driver

Progressive colors

Q

QuarkXPress

R

Ragged right

Registration

Resolution

RIP

Roman

S

Sans serif

Scan resolution

Scanner

Screen frequency

Serif

Service bureau

Slanted

Small caps

Soft font

Stripper

T

TIFF

Tint

Tracking

TrueType

Type family

Typeface

Typestyle

Typography

U

Uncial

W

Weight

X

X height


Glossary:Adobe
 Adobe Systems

Inventor of the PostScript page description language, one of the largest type foundries too. Also a software company creating programs like Adobe Type Manager, Acrobat, Photoshop, Illustrator, PageMaker, Dimensions and other useful and professional publication tools.
The Adobe Headquarters are located in 1585 Charleston Road PO Box 7900, Mountain View, CA 94039-7900, USA. Phone (415) 961-4400, fax (415) 961-3769.
Adobe Systems Europe B.V., Europaplaza, Hoogoorddreef 54a, 1101 BE Amsterdam Z-O, Netherlands. Phone +31-20-6511 200, fax +31-20-6511 300.


Popup: File name prefix
File name prefix

A file name prefix consists of up to five characters containing a somehow "decoded" description of a certain font and its style. All PC format font files must have eight-character prefixes to be compatible with various font installation and downloader software. For example, the complete file name prefix for Helvetica consists of the characters "HV" followed by six underscore characters. Helvetica Oblique is decoded as "HVO", Helvetica Bold as "HVB" and Helvetica Bold Oblique as "HVBO".


Popup: Command line parameters
Command line parameters

Adding can be done via Program Manager by single-clicking the program's icon and pressing Alt+Enter to change its properties. If you use another Windows shell or Windows 95 of course the procedures to add command line parameters slightly will be different. Please see the specific documentation for more details.


Glossary:Berthold
Berthold

German company (located in Berlin) which once produced high-end dedicated typesetting equipment. Type foundry with some of the finest typefaces available (for example Akzidenz Grotesk).


Glossary:Linotype-Hell AG
Linotype-Hell AG

German company (located in Eschborn near Frankfurt/Main) which invented in 1886 the legendary «Blower», the first hot-metal typesetting machine. At this time the company name was Mergenthaler. Pretendedly the words «Wonderful! A line of type!» were the reason for changing the company name. Linotype was the first traditional typesetting company realising the potential of PostScript and the Macintosh. The first imagesetter RIP available for the Macintosh was built 1985 by Linotype.


Glossary:RIP
Raster Image Processor

A raster image is a grid of pixels (picture elements) that represent the smallest sections of the page. Correspondingly, a Raster Image Processor is a system that contains the PostScript interpreter as well as additional hardware and software that send the raster image to a printer or imagesetter engine.


Glossary:Imagesetter
Imagesetter

High-resolution output device. Used to create film positives or negatives which are copied to aluminium plates for offset presses.


Glossary:Oblique
Oblique

A style with characters which usually are slanted by 12 degrees to the right. The difference between Italic and Oblique is that the Italic set is a truly different character design, while oblique characters are the same as the regular (or plain) characters.


Glossary:Monotype
Monotype

UK based company which once used to build dedicated typesetting software and hardware equipment. One of the largest type foundries and still among the largest producers of cold metal for small letterpress machines. Famous Monotype typefaces are Bembo, Gill Sans, Plantin, and Rockwell.


Glossary:Slanted
Slanted

A style with characters which usually are slanted by 12 degrees to the right. The difference between Italic and Slanted is that the Italic set is a truly different character design, while slanted characters are the same as the regular (or plain) characters.


Glossary:Plain
Plain

The basic design of a typeface, often also called «Regular». Usually a typeface is available in Regular, Italic, Bold and Bold Italic design.


Glossary:Cut
Cut

A term originating back from the days of metal type when letters actually were cut from lead. A cut is a variant of a typeface, be it the Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic or any other variation of the basic design.


Glossary:Font
Font

In traditional metal type, font described a single point size of a particular typestyle and typeface design. Since digital-typesetting technology enables scalable fonts, however, today the size distincition is not always relevant.


Glossary:ATM
 Adobe Type Manager

The Adobe Type Manager font utility automatically generates any size bitmapped font from outline-font data. By rasterizing the outlines, ATM translates them into digital bitmaps so they can be represented on-screen. With ATM, you can scale, rotate, and skew type without the characters appearing japped (the degree of smoothness is determined by the monitor resolution). ATM also lets you print Type 1 fonts on non-PostScript printers.


Glossary:Demi
Demi

Weight of a typeface, usually between the Regular and the Bold design. Can be used interchangably with «Semibold».


Glossary:Extended
Extended

Typeface design with character shapes wider than the basic design. Nowadays most publishing and word processing programs enable the user to change the horizontal width of a typeface, but usually the results of doing so are not acceptable. The extended variant of a typeface always should be used instead of electronically distorting a typeface.


Glossary:Garamond
Garamond

Still one of the most popular and readable typefaces available. Garamond was designed in Italy in the 16th century.


Glossary:Helvetica
Helvetica

One of the most popular non-serif typefaces. Helvetica was designed in the 1950s in Switzerland and modernized somehow 30 years later by Linotype («Neue Helvetica»). Since Helvetica really is a neutral typeface matching nearly every purpose some typographers call Helvetica «a typeface without properties». Helvetica was cloned by Monotype and made available to Microsoft in TrueType format with the name «Arial».


Glossary:Kursiv
Kursiv

German word for «Italic».


Glossary:PostScript
 PostScript

Page description language invented by Adobe. PostScript is a high-level programming language specialized for describing elements of a printed page. The first PostScript laser printer was the Apple LaserWriter, built by Apple in 1984. The LaserWriter used a Canon engine with 300 ppi resolution. The invention of PostScript has revolutionized the graphic business like nothing else before.


Glossary:Download
Download

To decrease printing time fonts can be downloaded manually to a PostScript printer. If the fonts used in a document already are resident in the printer's RAM or on a harddisk attached to the printer they do not need to be downloaded over and over again each time the document is printed.
See also: Font search order.


Popup:Condensed
Condensed

Typeface design with character shapes narrower than the basic design. Nowadays most publishing and word processing programs enable the user to change the horizontal width of a typeface, but usually the results of doing so are not acceptable. The condensed or compressed variant of a typeface always should be used instead of electronically distorting a typeface.


Glossary:Kerning
Kerning

Altering the space between any two characters. Many problematic character combinations are adjusted by the typeface designer or manufacturer; these kerning pairs are included with the typeface software. Most Adobe typefaces, for instance, have 294 standard kerning pairs. Many applications let you kern letter pairs manually; some are also capable of using the built-in kerning pairs automatically. If your application allows it and does not do so already, make sure the built-in kerning pairs are accessible as the default in the application.
Kerning should not be mixed up with tracking.


Glossary:Tracking
Tracking

Adding or removing an equal amount of space between characters, usually in blocks of text, to achieve overall tighter or looser letterspacing. Type smaller than 10 points might require added space (positive tracking), while larger type sizes -- say, over 18 points -- might need less (negative tracking). Most page layout programs include tracking capabilities. Reversed type, such as white type on a black background, might also require more space between letters.
Tracking should not be mixed up with kerning.


Glossary:MM
Multiple Master

A technology created by Adobe. It enables the user of a typeface to create different weights and styles from one single Multiple Master typeface. The parameters of a Multiple Master typeface which may be changed by the user are called "design axes".


Glossary:Hints
Hints

A technology built into most high-quality PostScript type 1 fonts. Hints make sure that the visual appearance of a font slightly is adjusted according to the resolution of the output device. Hints only are required by low-resolution output devices like 300 ppi laser printers. Hints don't affect type output on imagesetters and other high-resolution PostScript devices.


Glossary:Outline
Outline

Outline fonts (also known as printer fonts) are the means by which digital type is scalable. On the Windows platform, outline forms are called .PFB files. They are created using code that describes the ideal outline of each character in mathematical terms. By adjusting the mathematical formulas, your computer can scale the point size of a character without distortion. Outline fonts generate smooth output both on-screen (in conjunction with ATM) and from a PostScript output device.
«Outline» also can be used to describe a character style with thin contours around the characters of a font.


Outline:PFB
Primary Font Binary

A file containing the vector-based descriptions of each character in a font. A PostScript type 1 font after installing consists of a corresponding *.PFB and *.PFM font file.


Glossary:PFM
Printer Font Metrics

A Windows-specific file developed by Microsoft. It contains character dimensions and related information that applications need to position characters on a page. Although included in some Windows font packages, PFM files are generally created by ATM during font installation.


Glossary:PDF
 PDF

Abbrevation for «Portable Document Format», the file format used by the Adobe Acrobat family of programs.

PDF also can be used as file name extension for additional files required by some page layout and illustration programs (see PPD for more details). However, Windows printer drivers supporting PDF files rarely are found. QuarkXPress is an example for a program which uses PDF files to support specific properties of a printer or an imagesetter. PDF files are very popular on the Macintosh platform, while for the same purpose PPD files commonly are used in the Windows world.


Glossary:PPD
PostScript Printer Description

Additional file describing the properties of a PostScript output device. Required by application programs and PostScript printer drivers to determine features like paper size, screen width and resolution of a printer or an imagesetter. Usually supplied by the manufacturer of the output device. PDF files are used for similar purposes, but rarely are supported by Windows programs.


Glossary:Printer driver
Printer driver

Software programs that convert an application's representation of a document into equivalent PostScript code. In simple terms, printer drivers tell the printer what to do. Some applications, such as Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, and QuarkXPress, create their own PostScript code for the documents they print. This code allows an application to control the appearance of a document. The resulting code may be further modified by the printer driver, for example, to request that certain features be used by the RIP. Software applications that do not create PostScript code use printer drivers to do so.


Glossary:PostScript Level 2
PostScript Level 2

Adobe Systems introduced PostScript Level 2 in 1990. It includes all of the operators found in Level 1 systems, as well as several new operators. For example, Level 2 includes a single operator, setpagedevice, for requesting printing features from a product. In Level 1, by contrast, each product had its own set of device-dependent commands for making such requests. Also, Level 2 uses memory more effectively than Level 1 does. Fewer memory-related errors occur in PostScript Level 2 products.


Glossary:AFM
Adobe Font Metrics

ATM uses AFM and other files to make PFM files when installing a font. AFM files are also supplied with Macintosh fonts, but few users install them since nearly no Macintosh application uses them. In Unix systems, AFM files are used by Display PostScript to positions character on a page.


Glossary:Font size
Font size

Fonts set at the same point size may vary in actual size; for example, not all 12-point fonts appear to be the same size. The transition from metal and photoset type to digital type has left us with a few idiosyncrasies, and this is one of the more vexing. The apparent size of a typeface depends largely on the height of the lowercase letters and the sizes of their counterforms.


Glossary:Expert Collections
Expert Collections

Before digital type, many serif text typefaces came with old style figures -- numerals designed to harmonize with lowercase letters by having ascenders and descenders. By contrast, the regular or lining figures found in the standard character sets are as tall as capitals and designed to be set in lines of all capitals or in tables. Sans serif typefaces also use lining figures in body text. Depending on the typeface, old style figures may be included in its Expert Collection.


Glossary:Adobe Acrobat
 Adobe Acrobat

A technology allowing users of Macintosh, Windows, DOS and Unix platforms to share electronic documents. By converting files into Acrobat's Portable Document Format, for instance, a Macintosh user can share a QuarkXPress document incorporating the Utopia typeface with a Windows user who has neither Utopia nor QuarkXPress. The shared file is identical to the original, including the file's graphics, color, photographic images, fonts, and text formatting -- even if the "viewing" user has none of the "creating" user's software, fonts, or type of computer.


Glossary:Typeface
Typeface

The basic building block in typesetting is a character -- a letter, number, or symbol; groups of characters are called character sets. One or more character sets sharing particular design features make up a typeface design.


Glossary:Typestyle
Typestyle

A complete character set reflecting one stylistic variation of a typeface design, such as italic or bold, is known to be a typestyle. Basic typestyles may be combined to form new ones. When several typestyles share a particular typeface design, they make up a typeface family.


Hint panel

This panel displays short hints about the currently highlighted menu item, function button or control element.


Glossary:Alignment
Alignment

A way to organize text by how the edges are lined up. Many times, text alignment can be referred to as: flush left, flush right, centered, or justified.


Glossary:Ascender
Ascender

A lowercase letter that extends above the majority of letters; the letters b, d, f, h, k, l and t.


Glossary:Attribute
Attribute

A way to emphasize text using bold, italic, superscript, underlining, subscript and so on.


Glossary:Backslant face
Backslant face

Type that slants backward. This face is opposite of italic.


Glossary:Bézier curve
Bézier curve

A type of curve created in object-oriented graphics that uses a calculation to draw the curve and prevent distortion.


Glossary:Bitmap
Bitmap

Type of graphic that is actually a pattern of dots, or pixels, that form the image. Bitmap images are created for example by scanners, or digital cameras. The opposite of bitmap images is vector images.


Glossary:Bleed
Bleed

Parts of a document -- lines, text, or shapes -- printed off the edge of the paper for effect.


Glossary:Body copy
Body copy

Text that makes up the body of a document. Body copy is usually 8, 10, or 12 points in size, although it can be 9 or 11 as well.


Glossary:Bullet
Bullet

A dot, asterisk or other symbol that organizes and attracts attention to each item of a list. Bullets attract attention to a list and make it easier to read. Common bullets include large dots, boxes and diamonds.


Glossary:Burning
Burning

Refers to the process of making plates for an offset press. "Burning" refers to burning an image on a plate.


Glossary:Calligraphic
Calligraphic

Style of font that mimics fancy handwriting, such as that created with pen and ink or beveled pens.


Glossary:Cap height
Cap height

Height of a typeface's capital letters.


Glossary:CMYK
CMYK

Cyan, magenta, yellow and black (actually the "K" stands for "ink) are the four process colors normally used by commercial printers to mix inks using specific recipes. They are not to be confused with RGB color, which is used to view and interpret images on a monitor. RGB color only holds three color channels.


Glossary:Copy fitting
Copy fitting

A method of calculating the length of text in a specific typeface and point size. With the ease of text manipulation brought about by the advent of Desktop Publishing, this technique is quickly becoming an art form of the past.


Glossary:Descender
Descender

A lowercase letter that hangs below the baseline; the letters g, j, p, q and y.


Glossary:Pi font
Pi font

A typeface that is made up of symbols rather than letters. These characters include check marks, boxes and arrows. Zapf Dingbats is an example of a Pi font.


Glossary:Display type
Display type

Large, eye-catching type used for headlines in ads, flyers, brochures and so on.


Glossary:Drop cap
Drop cap

A large capital letter used to start a paragraph or chapter, dropping down a few lines with the text wrapping around. Drop caps can also extend one to three lines above the text.


Glossary:EM dash
EM dash

A long dash, "--", roughly equivalent to the width of a capital M. Generally the width of the EM dash should be identical to the width of two digits, but this depends on the typeface design. In Windows this character is available by typing Alt+0151 on the numeric keypad. Using two hyphens instead is considered bungle.


Glossary:EM space
EM space

A typesetter's term meaning a space that represents 12 points in a 12-point font or 18 points in an 18-point font, and so on. An EM space is roughly equal to the width of a capital letter M in the typeface and point size.


Glossary:EN dash
EN dash

A short dash, "-", that is roughly equivalent to the width of a capital N. An EN dash is used in place of the word "to". Generally the width of the EN dash should be identical to the width of one digit, but this depends on the typeface design. In Windows this character is available by typing Alt+0150 on the numeric keypad. Using a hyphen instead is considered bungle.


Glossary:EN space
EN space

A typesetter's term meaing a space that represents half the points in a type size. For example, in a 12-point font, an EN space is 6 points, or 9 points in an 18-point font, and so on. An EN space is a unit of space that should be equal to the width of a single digit, but this may depend on the typeface design.


Glossary:Hairline
Hairline

A fine line or rule, usually 0.5 points or thinner.


Glossary:Hanging punctuation
Hanging punctuation

A style of alignment that places punctuation marks past the edge of the text. Periods, commas, quote marks, hypens, colons, and so on dangle outside the text margin.


Glossary:Hot-metal typesetting
Hot-metal typesetting

One of the earliest forms of typesetting in which letters are individually cast in lead and then arranged in a form to be printed.


Glossary:Ligature
Ligature

Character that is actually made up of two separate characters. Common ligatures are the letter combinations fi, fl, oe, and ae. On the Windows platform currently ligatures only are available in expert sets.


Glossary:Modern
Modern

Style of type in which the letters have extreme contrast between the thick and thin strokes with square serifs and strong vertical space.


Glossary:Old style
Old style

Type style characterized by small variations in the stroke weight of the letters, bracketed serifs, and diagonal stress.


Glossary:Pica
Pica

A typesetter's measuring unit, made up of points. There are 12 points to a pica and 6 picas to an inch. In Europe Ciceros are used instead of Picas.


Glossary:Point
Point (Pica point)

A measuring unit for gauging type size and letters. There are 72 points to an inch. One pice contains 12 points. In Europe Ciceros and Didot points are used instead of Pica points.


Glossary:Ragged right
Ragged right

Text aligned so the left margin is even and the right margin is uneven. The right margin is "ragged" in appearance.


Glossary:Registration
Registration

Aligning various colors of an artwork so each prints in its proper place.


Glossary:Sans serif
Sans serif

A typeface that contains no serifs, such as Futura or Helvetica.


Glossary:Roman
Roman

Style of type characterized by upright letter strokes. On your word processor or desktop publishing program, Roman might be called Normal or Plain.


Glossary:Serif
Serif

A small cross stroke that appears at the ends of letters in some fonts, such as Garamond or Times.


Glossary:Service bureau
Service bureau

A graphic arts business (agency) specializing in typesetting, design, layout, high-resolution imagesetter output, stripping, and/or plate burning. A prepress company, linking the desktop publisher with the printer.


Glossary:Small caps
Small caps

Style of type that makes uppercase letters smaller than full-size capitals.


Glossary:Soft font
Soft font

Font that is stored on your computer, and then downloaded to your printer's RAM or harddisk. All PostScript type 1 fonts are soft fonts.
See also: Font search order.


Glossary:Tint
Tint

The color mixed with white to reduce the percentage of a color. 100% is the full color. The closer the percentage moves to 0%, the lighter the color becomes.


Glossary:TrueType
TrueType

Outline font format developed by Apple and Microsoft as an alternative to Adobe PostScript font technology. Like PostScript, TrueType is a scalable font technology, meaning, unlike bit-map fonts, you need only one font to create any point-size type you want. Generally the quality of PostScript fonts is superior to the quality of TrueType fonts. TrueType has no significance in the professional publishing and printing industry.
Tip for the serious, professional publisher: Stay away from TrueType as far as possible if you want to avoid troubles when outputting to imagesetters or moving cross-platform.


Glossary:Typography
Typography

The style, arrangement and appearance of text and the printed page. Typography includes the typeface, type size, attributes, spacing, paragraph alignment, indentions, and how the text looks on the page.


Glossary:Uncial
Uncial

A typeface that is characterized by calligraphic strokes. The name comes from the Latin word uncus, which means crooked.


Glossary:Weight
Weight

The variation in a character's stroke width. Usually designated by words like Thin, Light, Book, Semibold, Extrabold and so on.


Glossary:Baseline
Baseline

A horizontal line that coincides with the bottom of each character in a font, excluding descenders.


Glossary:Benday
Benday

An old printing term for screen tints. Taken from the name of a company that used to produce screens for the printing industry.


Glossary:Blueline
Blueline

A prepress proofing material, used to proof black-and-white art before printing.


Glossary:Chromalin
Chromalin

An integral proofing system produced by DuPont.


Glossary:Coated stock
Coated stock

Paper that has a light clay of plastic coating. A glossy or slick paper is coated. The same color of ink will appear different when printed on different types of stock.


Glossary:Crop marks
Crop marks

Lines printed on a page to indicate where the page will be trimmed.


Glossary:Folio
Folio

Page number.


Glossary:Interpreter
Interpreter

Code built into PostScript printers and imagesetters that converts PostScript commands into a form the printer can use to draw an image; or software that converts PostScript commands before sending them to an output device.


Glossary:Leading
Leading

The amount of vertical spacing, in points, between lines of type in a type block. Usually measured from baseline to baseline.


Glossary:Offset printing
Offset printing

A type of printing that uses an intermediate step to transfer a printed image from the plate to the paper. The type of printing done using a printing press to reproduce many copies of the original that is printed out on a laser printer. The press lays ink on a page based on the raised image on a plate that is created by photographing the camera-ready masters.


Glossary:Primary colors
Primary colors

The elemental colors of either pigments or light. Red, green, and blue are additive primaries. White light is produced when red, green, and blue lights are added together. Cyan, magenta, and yellow are subtractive primaries. The inks used to print three-color process or four-color process with black.


Glossary:Progressive colors
Progressive colors

The four process colors plus white and the various combinations of cyan, magenta, and yellow.


Glossary:Stripper
Stripper

The person who "strips" negatives in the proper position so that they will run correctly on the press. The stripper is also usually the person who cuts the color-separation masks when mechanical separations are made.


Glossary:Linotronic
Linotronic 300

The Linotronic 300, built in 1985 by Linotype-Hell AG, was the first imagesetter usable with PostScript. It was one of the most successful imagesetters ever built. Features: Maximum material width 305 mm, capable of 1,270 and 2,540 dpi resolution.


Changing the Help color scheme
Setup Help color scheme

This menu command allows you to change the two most important colors used by the Windows Help system.

Jumps are text items containing jumps to other items.

Popups are text items containing text which will be displayed in a separate popup window.


Help:Popup window
Popup

This is an example of a popup window.


Popup:Jump color
Jump color

Text containing a jump to another part of a help file is highlighted using this color. Parts of a text highlighted this way also are called "hot spots". Double-click this box to change the color.


Popup:Popup color
Popup color

Text containing a popup is highlighted using this color. A popup is a short text which will be displayed in a separate window, for example like this text you currently are reading. Double-click this box to change the color.


Popup:Help color OKbutton
OK

Click this button to save the changes you made to the Windows Help color scheme. Please note that the changes you make affect the appearance of help files for all Windows programs available on your computer.


Popup:Help color Cancelbutton
Cancel

Click this button to discard the changes.


Glossary:Cicero
Cicero

Typographic unit of measurement primarily used in Europe. One Cicero is 12 Didot points which equals 4.53 mm.


Glossary:Didot point
Didot point

Typographic unit of measurement primarily used in Europe. One Didot point equals 0.375 mm.


Glossary:QuarkXPress
 QuarkXPress

One of the leading page layout and pagination programs. Available for the Macintosh and the Windows platform. This program is the de-facto standard in professional publishing.


Glossary:Adobe Illustrator
 Adobe Illustrator

Object-oriented vector graphic design and drawing program. Although currently (January 1996) the Windows version of Illustrator is way behind version 5.5 for the Macintosh, this program still is the first choice for professionals. Illustrator offers features not found in any other competing package, but pretendedly it is not easy to use. It has a clear and straightforward (one also could say "spartanic") user interface if compared to FreeHand or CorelDRAW. The .AI and .EPS formats used by Illustrator are standard file formats supported by nearly all publishing software on the Windows and the Macintosh platform.
Originally Illustrator was just a tool enabling PostScript programmers to interactively and visually create PostScript code for test purposes.


Glossary:Adobe Photoshop
 Adobe Photoshop

Leading bitmap image editing program. Photoshop supports nearly all graphic file formats available on the Windows and the Macintosh platform and offers image handling and editing features formerly found only on high-end image workstations.


Glossary:PageMaker
PageMaker

The first page layout available on the Macintosh. PageMaker, originally developed by Aldus, was the program which started the success of the Macintosh and invented the term "Desktop Publishing". Although PageMaker was outperformed by QuarkXPress in the professional publishing industry, it still dominates the corporate market. Since Adobe bought Aldus in fall 1995, PageMaker now is sold with the Adobe label.


Glossary:EPS
EPS

Abbrevation for «Encapsulated PostScript», a file format primarily used for vector graphics. An EPS file usually contains a low-resolution screen preview in TIFF or in PICT format and resolution independent PostScript code describing the image. EPS is used by drawing and illustration programs to export the artwork so that it can be placed into other documents. To output an EPS file with the highest quality possible a PostScript output device must be used. If the output device does not support PostScript, the low-resolution screen preview bitmap will be output.
Although this rarely is the case, also bitmap images can be used in EPS format. Usually this is done if the bitmap image contains a custom clipping path or tables compensating for dot gain.
A comprehensive descripton of the EPS file format is available as technical note #5002 from Adobe Systems.


Glossary:Resolution
Resolution

The concept of resolution in digital production is somewhat tricky. There are several types of resolution: bit resolution (or bit depth), monitor resolution, halftone screen resolution, image resolution (also called scan resolution), and output resolution. In addition, there are three terms used to define the various resolutions needed to reproduce an image: pixels per inch(ppi), lines per inch (lpi), and dots per inch (dpi). Please note that dpi and ppi are sometimes incorrectly used interchangeably.


Glossary:PPI
Pixels per inch

A unit of measurement for image resolution. Refers to any stored pixel information, such as that recorded by a digital camera or created in an image editing application like Adobe Photoshop. Scan resolution, the ppi recorded at the scanning stage, is another type of image resolution.


Glossary:LPI
Lines per inch

Halftone dots used in printing are patterned on a grid. The frequency of lines that make up the halftone screen is measured in lpi and is sometimes known as screen frequency or screen ruling. The printing industry uses standard lpi measurements for different levels of print quality -- 65-85 lpi for newspapers, for example; and 133, 150, and 175 lpi for magazines and promotional brochures.


Glossary:DPI
Dots per inch

Devices such as laser printers and imagesetters use tiny dots to represent type, line art, and continuous tones. Their output resolution is measured in dots per inch. Laser printers typically print at resolutions of 300--600 dpi, while imagesetters produce output at 1200--6000 dpi.


Glossary:Scanner
Scanner

The scanning process converts originals such as line and continuous-tone artwork into digital images. Grayscale scanners interpret images in shades of gray, while color scanners capture images in CMYK or RGB mode. To some extent, scanner controls and image editing software can compensate for flaws in an original image. However, if critical image details are not captured during scanning, it's difficult, if not impossible, to achieve good final output.


Glossary:Dot gain
Dot gain

Continuous-tone images are reproduced with halftone dots of different sizes -- large dots reproduce dark tones and small dots reproduce light tones. During the reproduction process, the dots change in size, usually getting larger. This phenomenon is called dot gain. Printed images appear dark and dense unless you compensate for dot gain.


Glossary:TIFF
Tagged Image File Format

Standard file format used for bitmap images. Developed by Aldus and Microsoft.


Glossary:PICT
PICT

File format for bitmap images. Commonly used on the Macintosh, but seldom found on the Windows platform.


Glossary:Font search order
Font search order

When you send a document to a PostScript printer, it searches for fonts in the following order:

1.	Fonts that have been manually downloaded to the printer's RAM.

2.	Fonts stored in the read-only memory (ROM) of the printer.

3.	Fonts stored on a hard disk in or attached to the printer respectively imagesetter.

4.	Fonts stored in the Windows system (these are downloaded by the printer driver when the job is sent to the printer).

5.	The printer will use Courier if it can't find the font used in the document.


Glossary:Base 35 fonts
Base 35 fonts

The 35 standard fonts available in the ROM of most PostScript output devices are ITC Avant Garde Gothic, ITC Bookman, Courier, Helvetica, Helvetica Narrow, ITC New Century Schoolbook, Palatino, Symbol, Times, ITC Zapf Chancery, and ITC Zapf Dingbats.


Glossary:X height
X height

The height of a typeface's lowercase letters.